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The circulatory and lymphatic systems are the body's transport system. They carry nutrients and other important molecules to cells, and carry away waste. The body is more susceptible to illness and infection when these systems do not function properly.
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Connective tissue is a broad term for supportive tissues that provide the body’s framework. Connective tissues include bones, muscles, cartilage, and tendons. There are a number of disorders that are caused by defects in genes important for the formation and function of connective tissue.
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The brain and nervous system form a complex network of signals that carry information (in the form of electrical impulses) to and from the body. Several disorders that directly affect the nervous system have a genetic component.
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Cancer is a condition in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body. There are many types of cancer that affect various parts of the body.
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Digestion is the process of breaking down food and using nutrients for energy and maintenance of the body. Some digestive diseases are hereditary.
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The structures of the ear, nose, and throat are complex and interrelated. They allow a person to make sound, hear, maintain balance, smell, breathe, and swallow. Several genetic conditions can occur when the genes controlling the construction or operation of these structures do not function normally.
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The endocrine system is a complex collection of hormone-producing glands that control basic body functions such as growth and sexual development. Advances in molecular genetics have led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in hereditary endocrine disorders.
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With the recent advances in molecular genetic techniques, new genes that cause eye disease are being identified. In many instances, these findings allow researchers to develop innovative strategies to prevent or slow the progress of genetic eye diseases.
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The circulation system is composed of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood. The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away waste. Altered genes may disrupt the development or function of the circulatory system.
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The immune system identifies and kills invaders such as bacteria and viruses. If genes associated with the immune system do not work properly, the body may not be able to defend itself against invaders, or the immune system may mistakenly attack the body's own cells.
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The kidneys are responsible for removing wastes from the body, regulating blood pressure, and stimulating the production of red blood cells. Some disorders of the kidneys and urinary system have a genetic component.
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The lungs are the largest part of the respiratory system, which delivers oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide waste. Some lung conditions are caused by abnormal gene function.
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Altered genes or chromosomes may lead to conditions that impair a person's ability to think, remember, learn, or react to other people and the environment.
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The mouth and teeth allow a person to chew, swallow, breathe, and speak. Disorders can occur when the genes controlling the development or function of these structures are altered.
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Metabolism is the total of all chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism. These changes produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes. Some disorders of metabolism have a strong genetic component.
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Genetic changes may alter the structure or function of the reproductive system in males or females. These changes may impair fertility, or the ability to conceive a child.
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The skin is the largest organ in the body. A sizeable number of genetic disorders affect the skin, hair, and nails.
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